Digital video copy protection system

ABSTRACT

A formatting apparatus authenticates an information signal prior to mass duplication of the signal by analyzing the signal to detect the presence or absence of a security signal therein, inserting a security signal into the information signal, and recording the modified signal only if no security signal was detected.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

This invention relates to a method for protecting digital data fromunauthorized mass duplication. More specifically, this invention relatesto a method for copy protecting digital video signals recorded on astorage medium, such as a compact disc.

The recent development of consumer electronics incorporating devices forthe reproduction of digitally-recorded audio and video data has resultedin the corresponding development of a vast consumer market fordigitally-recorded media. Such digitally-recorded media are available ina number of different forms, including optical disc, magnetic disc,magneto-optical disc, magnetic tape, cartridge, and the like. Commonly,many of these forms of digitally-recorded media are available for saleor rental. Additionally, consumers may access and retrieve for storagedigital audio and video data from cable systems, computer networks,satellite transmission systems, and the like.

Generally, prerecorded digital media contain a complete and virtuallyerror-free duplicate of original data reproduced from an originaldigital master recording. As is well known in the art, digital datastored on a prerecorded digital medium may be reproduced many timeswithout significantly affecting the quality of the stored data. Hence, aprerecorded digital medium may itself be utilized as a template fromwhich many additional copies of digital data may be reproduced andrecorded on other digital media.

The ease with which such reproduction and recording operations may occurand the high quality of the resulting recordings has facilitated thedevelopment of significant efforts to produce and distribute counterfeitprerecorded digital media. Although counterfeiting may occur in smallvolumes through the use of consumer recording/reproducing devices, amore significant problem has arisen from the use of mass productionrecording devices. In the optical disc industry, optical discs are massproduced with a formatting device, termed a "formatter", whichreproduces digital data from a master recording and records thereproduced data onto an "original" disc. A stamping template, "stamper",is made from this "original" disc. The "stamper" thus created, may thenbe used to produce large numbers of optical discs, e.g. ROM discs,bearing the original digital data. Hereinbelow, the mass producedoptical discs will be referred to as "retail discs."

At present, it is difficult, if not impossible, for an optical discproducer to determine the authenticity of or legal title to a particularmaster version of digital data provided by a third party. For example, acounterfeiter may bring an illegally obtained master recording,"original" disc, or "stamper", or even a retail disc, to an optical discproducer for mass reproduction of the recorded digital data. Unable toverify the authenticity of or legal title to the digital data suppliedby the counterfeiter, the optical disc producer may unwittingly massproduce optical discs bearing the counterfeiter's digital data. Suchcounterfeit optical discs have the potential to be indistinguishablefrom retail discs produced under proper authority from legal masterrecordings.

OBJECTS AND SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

An object of the present invention is to provide apparatus forauthenticating a digital recording prior to mass duplication of therecording.

Another object of the present invention is to provide formattingapparatus for determining the authenticity of a digital recording priorto mass duplication of the recording.

Still another object of the present invention is to provide formattingapparatus for inhibiting the mass duplication of a digital recordingpurchased at retail.

Yet another object of the present invention is to imbed security datainto a digital recording to prevent mass duplication of that recording.

In accordance with an aspect of the present invention, a formattingdevice for the authentication and mass duplication of an informationsignal recorded on a storage medium is provided. The device includes afirst receiving device for receiving the information signal and a secondreceiving device for receiving a key signal. A key signal detectiondevice, analyzes the information signal to detect the key signal in theinformation signal. A key insertion device, inserts the key signal intothe information signal to produce a modified information signal. Arecording device records the modified information signal if the keysignal is not detected in the information signal and inhibits therecording of the modified information signal if the key signal isdetected in the information signal.

According to another aspect of the present invention, a method for theauthentication and mass duplication of an information signal recorded ona storage medium is provided. The method includes the steps of:receiving the information signal; receiving a key signal; analyzing theinformation signal to detect the key signal in the information signal;inserting the key signal into the information signal to produce amodified information signal; recording the modified information signalif the key signal is not detected in the information signal; andinhibiting the recording of the modified information signal if the keysignal is detected in the information signal.

Other objects, features, and advantages according to the presentinvention will become apparent from the following detailed descriptionof illustrated embodiments when read in conjunction with theaccompanying drawings in which the same components are identified by thesame reference numerals.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a procedural diagram of a copy protection methodologyaccording to an embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 2A is a data area diagram of a video sequence data area;

FIG. 2B is a data area diagram of a extension-and-user-data area;

FIG. 2C is a data area diagram of a user-data data area;

FIG. 2D is a data area diagram of a group-of-pictures-header data area;

FIG. 3A is a block diagram of an MPEG layer structure;

FIG. 3B is a data area diagram of a slice data area;

FIG. 3C is a data area diagram of a macroblock data area;

FIG. 3D is a data area diagram of a macroblock-modes data area;

FIGS. 4A, 4B and 4C are data area diagrams of macroblock type dataareas;

FIG. 5 is a block diagram of an encoder according to certain embodimentsof the present invention;

FIG. 6 is a block diagram of a formatter according to certainembodiments of the present invention;

FIGS. 7 and 8 are procedural diagrams of a key data insertion pointselection methodology;

FIG. 9 is a diagram of a multibit key data;

FIG. 10 is a block diagram of an encoder according to another embodimentof the present invention; and

FIG. 11 is a block diagram of a formatter according to anotherembodiment of the present invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

FIG. 1 schematically illustrates a copy protection methodology 100according to the present invention. According to the copy protectionmethodology 100, an original source 102 of information is digitallyrecorded to produce a legal master tape 104 and a legal master disc 106.The recording process may occur at a broadcasting station, a soundstudio, a video production facility, or the like.

The original source 102 may include audio signals, video signals, textdata, digital data, and the like, which may be encoded or compressed.For example, video signals may be processed according to an MPEGstandard. Legal master tape 104 is preferably a magnetic tape and legalmaster disc 106 is preferably a high-density magneto-optical disc. Ofcourse, tape 104 and disc 106 may each be substituted with any suitablestorage medium, such as a semiconductor memory, a magnetic disc, anoptical disc, or the like.

The legal master tape 104 or the legal master disc 106 is supplied to anoptical disc producer having a formatter 108. Formatter 108 reproducesthe digital data corresponding to the original source information fromthe legal master and incorporates key data into the reproduced digitaldata. The modified digital data, incorporating key data, is recorded onmass quantities of optical discs intended for retail sale (retail disc110). The key data serves to distinguish the digital data recorded onretail disc 110 from the digital data recorded on legal master tape 104or legal master disc 106.

A consumer may reproduce the digital data stored on retail disc 110 witha disc player 112. The reproduced digital data may be displayed to theconsumer via a display (not shown) coupled to disc player 112. Theinclusion of key data in the digital data reproduced from retail disc110 does not significantly affect the reproduction quality of thedigital data corresponding to the original source information.Preferably, the incorporation of key data into the digital datacorresponding to the source information does not result in flaws in thedisplay of such digital data which would be perceptible to the consumer.

In the hands of a counterfeiter, digital data stored on retail disc 110may be reproduced and recorded on an illegal master, such as illegalmaster disk 114 and illegal master tape 116. Illegal master disc 114 maycomprise a high-density magneto-optical disc and illegal master tape 116may comprise a magnetic tape. Alternatively, disc 114 and tape 116 mayeach be substituted with any suitable storage medium, such as asemiconductor memory, a magnetic disc, an optical disc, or the like.

The counterfeiter may then present retail disc 110, illegal master disc114, or illegal master tape 116 to an optical disc producer, having aformatter 108, for mass duplication of the data stored thereon.Formatter 108 reproduces data from the storage medium supplied by thecounterfeiter and detects key data in the reproduced data. The presenceof key data indicates to the optical disc producer that the storagemedium supplied by the counterfeiter is not an authorized master for thedata stored thereon. Accordingly, the optical disc producer refuses tomass produce for the counterfeiter optical discs bearing such data.Specifically, formatter 108 may itself inhibit any duplication of datastored on a recording medium when key data is detected on the recordingmedium.

Conversely, when formatter 108 reproduces data from a storage medium,such as legal master tape 104 or legal master disc 106, which does nothave key data stored thereon, formatter 108 does not detect any keydata. The absence of key data indicates to the optical disc producerthat the storage medium is an authorized master for the data storedthereon. However, the optical disc producer will not know whether theauthorized master has been submitted for duplication by its legal owner(e.g. the legal master may have been stolen).

An optical disc producer may choose to ignore the presence of key dataon a storage medium supplied by a counterfeiter and proceed to duplicatedata stored upon that storage medium. Such duplication results in theproduction of counterfeit discs bearing unauthorized copies of thedigital data.

The present invention is particularly suited for use in conjunction withvideo data encoded according to an MPEG standard. FIG. 2A illustrates avideo sequence data area 200 defined in accordance with an MPEGstandard.

In a first embodiment of the present invention, key data is stored in adata area defined for the storage of user data. Video sequence data area200 includes an extension-and-user-data data area 202. FIG. 2Billustrates extension-and-user-data data area 202 which includes auser-data data area 204. FIG. 2C illustrates user-data data area 204which may be utilized to store key data. In FIG. 2C and in certainsubsequent drawings, diagonal hatching is used to highlight data areaswhere key data may be stored.

In a second embodiment of the present invention, key data is stored in adata area defined for the storage of header data. Video sequence dataarea 200 includes a group-of-pictures-header data area 206. FIG. 2Dillustrates group-of-pictures-header data area 206 which includes atime-code data area 208. Key data may be stored in time-code data area208 while information corresponding to time code data may be stored inanother data area. In an application where a group-of-pictures includes12 frames of video data, key data is preferably recorded once in atime-code data area 208 for each group-of-pictures.

In a third embodiment of the present invention, key data is stored in adata area defined for the storage of quantization data. FIG. 3Aillustrates a layer structure 300 of data storage areas according to anMPEG standard. Layer structure 300 includes a sequence layer 302, agroup-of-pictures (GOP) layer 304, a picture layer 306, a slice layer308, a macroblock (MB) layer 310, and a block layer 312. Sequence layer302 includes a sequence header data area (SH) and a group of picturesdata area (GOP).

In GOP layer 304, each GOP data area includes an intra-coded frame (Iframe), a number of predictively-encoded pictures (P pictures), and anumber of bidirectionally-predictively-encoded pictures (B pictures). Inpicture layer 306, each picture includes a number of slice data areas314. In slice layer 308, each slice data area 314 includes a number ofmacroblocks.

In macroblock layer 310, each macroblock includes a number of blocks ofpixel data. For example, brightness data may be stored as four blocks ofpixel data and color difference data (Cb, Cr) may be stored as one blockof pixel data. In a preferred quantization operation, each block ofpixel data is transformed according to a discrete cosine transform (DCT)and the resulting DCT coefficients are quantized. Different levels ofquantization may be achieved, each quantization level corresponding to aparticular quantization step.

Alternatively, in an NTSC-compatible implementation, also shown in FIG.3A, a picture layer 306 includes a screen of source input format (SIF)which includes 240 lines. Each line includes 352 pixels. The pixels areorganized into macroblocks of 16×16 pixels.

FIG. 3B illustrates a slice data area 314 which includes aquantiser-scale-code (SQUANT) data area 316. SQUANT data area 316 isdefined to store a quantization level for each slice data area 314.However, instead of storing a quantization level, SQUANT data areas 316may store key data. The quantization level information may be stored ona block-by-block basis in each macroblock.

FIG. 3C illustrates a macroblock data area 318 which includes amacroblock-modes data area 320 and a quantiser-scale code (MQUANT) dataarea 322. Quantization level information may be stored in each MQUANTdata area 322 and, therefore, different macroblocks within a slice maybe compressed according to different levels of quantization.

FIG. 3D illustrates a macroblock-modes data area 320 which includes amacroblock-type data area 400. The particular arrangement ofmacroblock-type data area 400 depends upon the type of picture of whichit is a part. FIG. 4A illustrates a macroblock-type data area 402 for anI frame which includes a macroblock-quant data area 408. FIG. 4Billustrates a macroblock-type data area 404 for a P frame which includesa macroblock-quant data area 408. FIG. 4C illustrates a macroblock-typedata area 406 for a B frame which includes a macroblock-quant data area408.

When quantization level information is stored in a particular MQUANTdata area 322, a positive "1" flag is stored in the macroblock-quantdata area 408 in the macroblock-type data area 400 (e.g. area 402, area404, or area 406) of the corresponding macroblock-modes data area 320.The positive "1" flag indicates that quantization level information hasbeen stored in the corresponding MQUANT data area 322.

To replace the storage of quantization level information in a SQUANTdata area 316, the MQUANT data area 322 of one or more macroblock dataareas 318 in the corresponding slice can be utilized to store suchquantization level information for the entire slice or for a number ofconstituent macroblocks.

The above-described first, second, and third embodiments of the presentinvention may be rendered ineffective by a counterfeiter who deletes,overwrites, or otherwise modifies the stored key data. Alteration of thestored key data may not be detectable as it may not adversely affectreproduction and display of the associated digital data, e.g. originalsource information.

FIG. 5 illustrates an encoder 500 for recording original sourceinformation 102 to produce a master recording, such as legal master disc106, which is compatible with the key data encoding methods of the threeembodiments described hereinabove. Encoder 500 includes a frame memory502, addition circuits 504 and 518, a DCT circuit 506, a quantizationcircuit 508, a variable length coding (VLC) circuit 510, a motion vectordetection circuit 512, a prediction memory 514, a motion compensationcircuit 516, a dequantization circuit 520, and an inverse discretecosine transform (IDCT) circuit 522.

Each of frame memory 502 and prediction memory 514 is a conventionalmemory device, such as a semiconductor memory, a magnetic tape, amagnetic disc, and the like. Addition circuit 504 is a signal combinerfor combining signals by addition, subtraction and the like. Additioncircuit 518 is a signal combiner for combining signals by addition andthe like. DCT circuit 506 is a discrete cosine transform circuit fortransforming data according to a discrete cosine transform method.Quantization circuit 508 is a quantizer for compressing data by aquantization method. Variable length coding circuit 510 is an encoderfor variable length encoding data.

Motion vector detection circuit 512 is a processing circuit fordetermining motion vectors in data. Motion compensation circuit 516 is aprocessing circuit for motion compensating data. Dequantization circuit520 is a dequantizer for dequantizing quantized data. Inverse discretecosine transform circuit (IDCT) 522 is transform circuit for processingdata according to an inverse discrete cosine transform method.

Original source information 102, such as a digital video signal, issupplied to frame memory 502. Memory 502 stores the original sourceinformation 102 and supplies the original source information 102 toaddition circuit 504 and to motion vector detection circuit 512.Addition circuit 504 combines the original source information withmotion compensation information supplied from prediction memory 514 andsupplies the resulting combination to DCT circuit 506. Preferably,addition circuit 504 subtracts the motion compensation information fromthe original source information. Specifically, where the original sourceinformation comprises an I frame, addition circuit 504 passes the Iframe directly to DCT circuit 506. Where the original source informationcomprises a P frame or a B frame, addition circuit subtracts motioncompensation information supplied from prediction memory 514 from theframe and supplies the difference data to DCT circuit 506.

Motion vector detection circuit 512 processes the original sourceinformation 102 to determine motion vector information. Motion vectorinformation is supplied to motion compensation circuit 516.

DCT circuit 506 transforms the signal supplied by circuit 504 to produceDCT coefficient data which is supplied to quantization circuit 508.Preferably, DCT circuit 506 converts each block of data in eachmacroblock into DCT coefficients Coeff u! v!. Further details regardingthe DCT processing are provided in conjunction with the discussion ofFIG. 7. Quantization circuit 508 quantizes the DCT coefficient data toproduce quantized data which is supplied to VLC circuit 510 and todequantization circuit 520. Preferably, quantization circuit 508converts DCT coefficients Coeff u! v! into quantization levels QF u! v!.The quantization levels QF u! v! are zigzag scanned as explained inconjunction with FIG. 8.

Dequantization circuit 520 dequantizes the quantized data to produceunquantized data which is supplied to IDCT circuit 522. IDCT circuit 522transforms the unquantized data to produce digital data which issupplied to addition circuit 518. Addition circuit 518 combines thedigital data with motion compensation information supplied fromprediction memory 514 to recover original source information andsupplies the recovered original source information to motioncompensation circuit 516.

Motion compensation circuit 516 processes the recovered original sourceinformation in accordance with the motion vector information supplied bymotion vector detection circuit 512 to produce motion compensationinformation, such as a motion predictive image. The motion compensationinformation is stored in prediction memory 514 for supply to additioncircuits 504 and 518.

VLC circuit 510 encodes quantized data supplied by quantization circuit508 to produce variable-length coded data which are supplied forrecording on a master storage medium, such as a legal master disc or alegal master tape. In accordance with the first embodiment, VLC circuit510 incorporates user-data data areas in the variable-length coded data.In accordance with the second embodiment, VLC 510 incorporates time-codedata areas in the variable-length coded data. In accordance with thethird embodiment, VLC 510 incorporates SQUANT data areas in thevariable-length coded data.

FIG. 6 illustrates a formatter 600 for mass duplication of digital datareproduced from a master recording produced by encoder 500. Formatter600 includes a key memory 602, a variable-length-decoder parser 604, akey insertion circuit 606, a recording apparatus 608, a detectioncircuit 612, a control circuit 614, and a display apparatus 616.

Key memory 602 is a conventional memory device, such as a semiconductormemory, a magnetic tape, a magnetic disc, and the like.Variable-length-decoder (VLD) parser 604 is a circuit for searching astream of variable-length coded data to determine the positions ofparticular portions of data. Key insertion circuit 606 is a datainsertion circuit for writing data into a stream of digitized data.

Recording apparatus 608 is a conventional recording apparatus forrecording digital data on a storage medium such as an optical disc, amagneto-optical disc, a magnetic tape, a magnetic disc, a semiconductormemory, and the like. Detection circuit 612 is a circuit for recognizingthe presence or absence of key data in a certain portion of data.Control circuit 614 is a control processor device, such as amicroprocessor, for controlling the operation of a display and arecording apparatus. Display apparatus 616 is a display device fordisplaying predetermined visual images, such as text, to a user.

Digital data reproduced from a master recording is supplied to VLDparser 604. VLD parser 604 supplies the reproduced digital data to keyinsertion circuit 606 and analyzes the reproduced digital data to locatecertain data areas incorporated into the reproduced digital data, e.g.data areas where key data may be stored, as indicated by the addressinformation. In the first embodiment of the present invention, VLDparser 604 detects user-data data areas in the reproduced digital dataand supplies position information regarding the position of the detecteduser-data data areas to key insertion circuit 606. In the secondembodiment of the present invention, VLD parser 604 detects time-codedata areas in the reproduced digital data and supplies positioninformation regarding the position of the detected time-code data areasto key insertion circuit 606. In the third embodiment of the presentinvention, VLD parser 604 detects SQUANT data areas in the reproduceddigital data and supplies position information regarding the position ofthe detected SQUANT data areas to key insertion circuit 606. Optionally,VLD parser 604 may extract data stored in the detected data area,variable-length decode such data, and supply the decoded extracted datato key insertion circuit 606.

VLD circuit 604 extracts data at the addressed location and supplies theextracted data to detection circuit 612. Detection circuit 612 analyzesthe extracted data to determine the presence or absence of key data. Theresult of the determination is supplied to control circuit 614.Specifically, detection circuit 612 may read a portion of the extracteddata and supply the read data to control circuit 614.

Control circuit 614 controls the operation of display apparatus 616 andthe operation of recording apparatus 608 in accordance with thedetection result obtained by detection circuit 612. As key data may berepresented by a number of detection results, control circuit 614 maycollect and analyze together a number of detection results fromdetection circuit 612 to determine the presence or absence of key data.Key memory 602 supplies reference key data to key insertion circuit 606and to control circuit 614.

Preferably, control circuit 614 compares the detection result(s)supplied by detection circuit 612 with the reference key data. If thereference key data corresponds to the detection result(s) then key datahas been detected; otherwise, key data has not been detected. If keydata is not detected, control circuit 614 controls display apparatus 616to display a predetermined display indicating to a user that no key datahas been detected, e.g. that the reproduced data has been reproducedfrom a legal master, and controls recording apparatus 608 to record thereproduced digital data. If key data is detected, control circuit 614controls display apparatus 616 to display a predetermined displayindicating to a user that key data has been detected and controlsrecording apparatus 608 to inhibit recording of the reproduced digitaldata.

Key insertion circuit 606 inserts or otherwise writes key data into thereproduced digital data at the location indicated by the positioninformation supplied by VLD parser 604. For example, key data may bewritten into a user-data area, a time-code data area, a SQUANT dataarea, or the like. Optionally, key insertion circuit 606 inserts orotherwise writes key data into the decoded extracted data,variable-length encodes such data, and incorporates such data into thereproduced digital data.

Key insertion circuit 606 supplies the modified digital data torecording apparatus 608. Under the control of control circuit 614,recording apparatus 608 may record the modified digital data onto anoriginal storage medium, such as optical disc 610, or inhibit suchrecording. From the original storage medium a stamper may be producedfor the mass production of storage media bearing the modified digitaldata. In this manner, storage media, such as optical discs, are producedwith key data recorded thereupon.

According to a fourth embodiment of the present invention, key data isstored in a data area defined for the storage of digital datacorresponding to original source information. For example, key data maybe stored in a data area defined for the storage of video data, such aspixel data. More specifically, key data may be coded as a fixed lengthcode and stored in data area defined for the storage of pixel data.

FIGS. 7 and 8 illustrate the selection of key data insertion pointsaccording to the present invention. As shown, from among a group ofpictures contain "N" pictures, a single B frame is selected as therecipient of key data. Of course other frames may be selected to holdkey data; however, it is preferred that a B frame store such data tominimize error caused by the displacement of video data with key data.In certain slices of the selected frame, a number of macroblocks areselected to receive key data. (The selected macroblocks have beendepicted as dark rectangles.) One of the blocks in a selected macroblockis further selected to receive key data.

The selected block, preferably comprised of an 8×8 array of pixels, isdiscrete-cosine transformed to produce DCT coefficients Coeff u! v!,shown in FIG. 8. DCT coefficients Coeff u! v! are quantized to producequantization levels QF u! v!. Quantization levels QF u! v! are zigzagscanned (scan 0! to scan 63!) beginning with the quantization levelwhich includes a DC component and ending with quantization levelsincluding higher frequency components. The quantization level QF 7! 7!,scan 63!, corresponding to the highest frequency component, is selectedas the data area for insertion of key data.

To insert key data into the selected data area, it is preferred that thevalue stored in the selected data area is modified such that the secondleast significant bit of such value equals logical "1". This insertionof key data may be achieved with a logical OR operation, e.g. QF 7!7!=QF 7! 7! OR 2. Preferably, the least significant bit of the valuestored in the selected data area is used to actually store the key data.

Further, the data located in selected data area QF 7! 7!, scan 63!, iscoded as an escape code. Coding this data as an escape code ensures thatthe data will be included in the block in a fixed length code (FLC). Asshown, an escape code is formed as a fixed length code that preferablyincludes a six-bit Escape₋₋ code data area, a six-bit RUN data area, anda 12-bit Level data area. The value stored in the Escape₋₋ code dataarea identifies the codeword as an escape code. The value stored in theRUN data area represents the number of quantization coefficients havinga certain value, e.g. zero. The value stored in the Level data arearepresents the value of non-zero quantization coefficients.

The insertion of key data is compatible with escape coding according toan MPEG standard since the standard merely requires that the valuestored in the Level data area of an escape code may not equal zero. Bysetting the second least significant bit in the Level data area to alogical zero value, the value stored in the Level data area will benonzero always. Further, since only the two least significant bits ofthe Level data area are used for the storage of key data, the resultingintroduction of error in the display of the corresponding image will begenerally imperceptible to the ordinary viewer.

According to the above-described method, the least significant bit of aparticular data area in one block of video data is used to store keydata. To incorporate key data comprising a multiple bit code, multipleblocks of video data may be used to store individual bits of themultiple bit code. Of course, each block may be from the same or adifferent slice of data, frame of data, or the like. FIG. 9 illustratesthe concatenation of "n" individual bits obtained from "n" blocks,respectively, to form "n"-bit key data.

FIG. 10 illustrates an encoder 1000 for recording original sourceinformation 102 to produce a legal master, such as legal master disc106, which is compatible with the key data encoding methods of thefourth embodiment described hereinabove. Encoder 1000 includes a framememory 502, addition circuits 504 and 518, a DCT circuit 506, aquantization circuit 508, a motion vector detection circuit 512, aprediction memory 514, a motion compensation circuit 516, adequantization circuit 520, and an inverse discrete cosine transform(IDCT) circuit 522 which have the same construction and function as thecorrespondingly numbered elements previously described. Encoder 1000further includes a pattern ROM 1002, a logic OR circuit 1004, and a VLCcircuit 1006.

Pattern ROM 1002 is a conventional storage device, such as asemiconductor memory or the like, for storing address information.Alternatively, pattern ROM 1002 may be replaced with a source ofvariable address information, such as an address calculating device, arandom access memory device, or the like, for providing differentaddress information. Logic OR circuit 1004 is a circuit for modifyingcertain portions of a signal to have a specific content, such as alogical "1". VLC circuit 1006 is a variable length encoding device forencoding quantized data according to a variable-length encoding method.

Processing of original source information 102 by frame memory 502,addition circuit 504, DCT circuit 506, and quantization circuit 508occurs as described above. However, in encoder 1000, quantizationcircuit 508 supplies the quantized data to OR circuit 1004. Pattern ROM1002 supplies address information to OR circuit 1004 and to VLC circuit1006 regarding a particular portion of quantized data. Preferably,pattern ROM 1002 supplies information identifying a particular block orblocks of quantized data.

In accordance with the address information supplied by pattern ROM 1002,OR circuit 1004 modifies a particular portion of the quantized datasupplied by quantizaton circuit 508 to facilitate storage of key data.Preferably, OR circuit 1004 modifies the second least significant bit ofthe last codeword in the block designated by pattern ROM 1002, e.g. QF7! 7! of scan 63!. The second least significant bit is preferablymodified to have a value equal to logical "1". The modified quantizeddata is supplied to VLC circuit 1006 and to dequantization circuit 52.

VLC circuit 1006 encodes the modified quantized data supplied by ORcircuit 1004 to produce variable-length coded data which are suppliedfor recording on a master storage medium, such as a legal master disc ora legal master tape. Preferably, in accordance with address informationsupplied by pattern ROM 1002, VLC circuit 1006 encodes as an ESCAPE codea particular portion of the quantized data supplied by OR circuit 1004,e.g. QF 7! 7! of scan 63! of the block designated by pattern ROM 1002.The ESCAPE code is structured as Escape₋₋ code+RUN+Level as shown inFIG. 8.

Processing of the modified quantized data by dequantization circuit 520,IDCT circuit 522, adding circuit 518, and motion compensation circuit516, along with motion vector processing by motion vector detectioncircuit 512 and motion compensation information storage by predictionmemory 514, is achieved according to the method of operation previouslydescribed in connection with encoder 500.

FIG. 11 illustrates a formatter 1100 for mass duplication of digitaldata reproduced from a master recording produced by encoder 1000.Formatter 1100 includes a key memory 602, a recording apparatus 608, acontrol circuit 614, and a display apparatus 616 which have the sameconstruction and function as the correspondingly numbered elementspreviously described. Formatter 1100 further includes avariable-length-decoder (VLD) parser 1102, a pattern ROM 1104, a keyinsertion circuit 1106, and a detection circuit 1108.

Variable-length-decoder (VLD) parser 1102 is a circuit for searching astream of variable-length coded data to determine the positions ofparticular portions of data. Pattern ROM 1104 is a conventional storagedevice, such as a semiconductor memory or the like, for storing addressinformation. Preferably, pattern ROM 1104 stores the same addressinformation as is stored in pattern ROM 1002. Alternatively, pattern ROM1104 may be replaced with a source of variable address information, suchas an address calculating device, a random access memory device, or thelike, for providing different address information. Key insertion circuit1106 is a data insertion circuit for writing data into a stream ofdigitized data. Detection circuit 1108 is a circuit for recognizing thepresence or absence of key data in a certain portion of data.

Digital data reproduced from a master recording and address informationsupplied by pattern ROM 1104 is supplied to VLD parser 1102. VLD parser1102 supplies the reproduced digital data to key insertion circuit 1106and analyzes the reproduced digital data to locate certain data areasincorporated into the reproduced digital data, e.g. data areas where keydata may be stored, as indicated by the address information. Preferably,address information supplied by pattern ROM 1104 pertains to theposition of data located at QF 7! 7! in scan 63! of a particular datablock indicated by the address information.

VLD parser 1102 detects data located at QF 7! 7! in scan 63! of the datablock indicated by the address information and supplies positioninformation regarding the position of the detected data areas to keyinsertion circuit 1106. Optionally, VLD parser 1102 may extract datastored in the detected data area, variable-length decode such data, andsupply the decoded extracted data to key insertion circuit 1106. VLDparser 1102 extracts data at the addressed location and supplies theextracted data to detection circuit 1108.

Detection circuit 1108 analyzes the extracted data to determine thepresence or absence of key data. Preferably, detection circuit 1108determines whether the second least significant bit of QF 7! 7! of scan63! of the extracted data is a logical "1". The result of thedetermination, or simply a value from the extracted data, is supplied tocontrol circuit 614.

Key memory 602 supplies reference key data to key insertion circuit 1106and to control circuit 614. Key insertion circuit 1106 inserts orotherwise writes key data into the reproduced digital data at thelocation indicated by the position information supplied by VLD parser1102. For example, key data may be written into QF 7! 7! of scan 63! ofa particular block. Optionally, key insertion circuit 1106 may insert orotherwise write key data into decoded extracted data, variable-lengthencode such data, and incorporate such data into the reproduced digitaldata. Key insertion circuit 1106 supplies the modified digital data torecording apparatus 608.

Control circuit 614, recording apparatus 608, and display apparatus 616operate in a manner corresponding to that previously described inconnection with formatter 600. In this manner, key data is incorporatedinto data areas defined for the storage of original source information,e.g. video signals, audio signals, text data, or the like. Theincorporation of key data into such data areas hinders efforts todetect, remove, or modify such data.

Each of the embodiments described hereinabove is compatible with an MPEGvideo standard. Also, by incorporating a key data insertion device inthe formatter, each embodiment achieves a greater security function ascompared to devices which may insert security data during the dataencoding process, e.g. production of a master recording. Further, sinceformatting devices tend to be more expensive and, therefore, lessprevalent than encoding devices, enforcement of data duplication rightsat the formatting stage of production, through implementation of thepresent invention, rather than at the encoding stage of production, ismore likely to be successful.

Although illustrative embodiments of the present invention andmodifications thereof have been described in detail herein, it is to beunderstood that this invention is not limited to these preciseembodiments and modifications, and that other modifications andvariations may be affected therein by one skilled in the art withoutdeparting from the scope and spirit of the invention as defined by theappended claims.

What is claimed is:
 1. A formatting apparatus for the authentication andmass duplication of an information signal recorded on a storage medium,said apparatus comprising:first receiving means for receiving saidinformation signal; second receiving means for receiving a key signal;key signal detection means, coupled to said first receiving means and tosaid second receiving means, for analyzing said information signal todetect whether or not a copy of said key signal is present in saidinformation signal; key insertion means, coupled to said first receivingmeans and to said second receiving means, responsive to the detection bysaid key signal detection means that a copy of said key signal is notpresent in said information signal for selectively inserting into aportion of said information signal not normally allocated for copyprotection information a copy of said key signal to produce a modifiedinformation signal; recording means, coupled to said key signaldetection means and to said key insertion means, for recording saidmodified information signal if a copy of said key signal is not detectedin said information signal; and means for inhibiting the recording ofsaid information signal if a copy of said key signal is detected in saidinformation signal.
 2. Apparatus according to claim 1, wherein saidfirst receiving means receives said information signal from one of alegal master recording and a retail recording.
 3. Apparatus according toclaim 1, wherein said second receiving means comprises key memory meansfor storing said key signal.
 4. Apparatus according to claim 1, whereinsaid second receiving means comprises key signal generating means forgenerating said key signal.
 5. Apparatus according to claim 1, whereinsaid key signal detection means reads and decodes said informationsignal.
 6. Apparatus according to claim 1, wherein said key signaldetection means comprises processing means for processing saidinformation signal.
 7. Apparatus according to claim 1, wherein said keysignal detection means comprises extraction means for extracting aportion of said information signal.
 8. Apparatus according to claim 1,wherein said key insertion means inserts a copy of said key signal intoa fixed length code in said information signal.
 9. Apparatus accordingto claim 1, wherein said key insertion means inserts a copy of said keysignal into an area defined for a user data in said information signal.10. Apparatus according to claim 1, wherein said key insertion meansinserts a copy of said key signal into an area defined for a time codedata in said information signal.
 11. Apparatus according to claim 1,wherein said key. insertion means inserts a copy of said key signal intoan area defined for a SQUANT data in said information signal. 12.Apparatus according to claim 1, wherein said key insertion means insertsa copy of said key signal into an area in said information signaldefined for a data representing a high frequency component of a videosignal.
 13. Apparatus according to claim 1, wherein said key insertionmeans inserts a copy of said key signal into a QF 7! 7! data area insaid information signal.
 14. Apparatus according to claim 1, whereinsaid recording means comprises means for recording a stamper. 15.Apparatus according to claim 1, wherein said recording means comprisesmeans for mass producing a plurality of optical discs.
 16. A method forthe authentication and mass duplication of an information signalrecorded on a storage medium, said method comprising the stepsof:receiving said information signal; receiving a key signal; analyzingsaid information signal to detect whether or not a copy of said keysignal is present in said information signal; if a copy of said keysignal is not present in said information signal, selectively insertinginto a portion of said information signal not normally allocated forcopy protection information a copy of said key signal to produce amodified information signal and recording said modified informationsignal; and if a copy of said key signal is present in said informationsignal inhibiting the recording of said information signal.
 17. Methodaccording to claim 16, wherein said step of receiving said informationsignal comprises the step of receiving said information signal from oneof a legal master recording and a retail recording.
 18. Method accordingto claim 16, wherein said step of receiving a key signal comprises thestep of retrieving said key signal from a key memory.
 19. Methodaccording to claim 16, wherein said step of receiving a key signalcomprises the step of generating said key signal.
 20. Method accordingto claim 16, wherein said step of analyzing comprises the stepsof:reading said information signal; and decoding said informationsignal.
 21. Method according to claim 16, wherein said step of analyzingcomprises the step of processing said information signal.
 22. Methodaccording to claim 16, wherein said step of analyzing comprises the stepof extracting a portion of said information signal.
 23. Method accordingto claim 16, wherein said step of inserting comprises the step ofinserting a copy of said key signal into a fixed length code in saidinformation signal.
 24. Method according to claim 16, wherein of saidstep of inserting comprises the step of inserting a copy of said keysignal into an area defined for a user data in said information signal.25. Method according to claim 16, wherein said step of insertingcomprises the step of inserting a copy of said key signal into an areadefined for a time code data in said information signal.
 26. Methodaccording to claim 16, wherein said step of inserting comprises the stepof inserting a copy of said key signal into an area defined for a SQUANTdata in said information signal.
 27. Method according to claim 16,wherein said step of inserting comprises the step of inserting a copy ofsaid key signal into an area in said information signal defined for adata representing a high frequency component of a video signal. 28.Method according to claim 16, wherein said step of inserting comprisesthe step of inserting a copy of said key signal into a QF 7! 7! dataarea in said information signal.
 29. Method according to claim 16,wherein said step of recording comprises the step of recording astamper.
 30. Method according to claim 16, wherein said step ofrecording comprises the step of mass producing a plurality of opticaldiscs.